FPR1
Description
The FPR1 (formyl peptide receptor 1) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 19.
Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is a cell surface receptor protein encoded by the FPR1 gene in humans. It is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds and is activated by N-Formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides, particularly N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). FPR1 is primarily expressed by phagocytic and blood leukocyte cells, mediating their responses to N-formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides released from invading microorganisms and injured tissues. FPR1 directs these cells to infection sites or damaged tissues, stimulating pathogen killing or tissue debris removal. As such, FPR1 is a vital component of the innate immune system, playing a crucial role in host defense and damage control. Humans also express two paralogs of FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3. Mice express at least 7 Fpr receptors and genes homologous to FPR1, though no single mouse FPR appears to fully replicate the functions of any human FPR. FPR1 binds and is activated by: bacterial and mitochondrial N-formyl peptides, initiating innate host immune responses, various synthetic N-formyl and non-formylated peptides, T20/DP178 & T21/DP107, N-acetylated polypeptides derived from the gp41 HIV-1 envelope protein. The interaction with T20/DP178 is of unknown physiological significance, although peptide T20/DP178 is a licensed anti-retrovirus agent (pentafuside) termed Enfuvirtide, which acts at the level of HIV-target cell fusion and is used clinically to treat HIV-1 infection.
FPR1 is a high-affinity receptor for N-formyl-methionyl peptides (fMLP), which are potent neutrophil chemoattractants. Binding of fMLP to FPR1 triggers intracellular calcium mobilization and superoxide anion release. This response is mediated via a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. FPR1 also serves as a receptor for TAFA4, mediating its effects on chemoattracting macrophages, promoting phagocytosis, and increasing ROS release. Additionally, FPR1 acts as a receptor for cathepsin CTSG, leading to increased phagocyte chemotaxis.
FPR1 is also known as FMLP, FPR.
Associated Diseases
- ovarian cancer
- Parkinson disease
- multiple sclerosis
- Alzheimer disease
- lysosomal storage disease
- low grade glioma
